I’m Listening to Everything Composed by Franz Liszt (1811-1886)
Well, I’ve spent the past three weeks sharing music that quotes the “Dies Irae” (in honor of Halloween) and so today, I’m going to share a few non-classical examples and then one of the most famous classical pieces that uses it.
First off, from the world of musical theatre, the opening number in Stephen Sondheim’s amazing work “Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street.” Here it is (you’ll need to skip ahead on the video to 2:24):
Now, you may wonder where the Dies Irae was. I’ll tell you. Sondheim wanted this opening piece (and indeed, the entire musical) to have a feeling of dread and doom. So he fragmented and “hid” the Dies Irae in the opening number. Here’s how it works:
Dies Irae (Sondheim leaves off the first syllable and quotes just the “-es irae, Dies illa”). The notes used for “-es irae, Dies illa” are then used for the words “the tale of Sweeney Todd” in “Attend the tale of Sweeney Todd.” Here it is back and forth between the two of them:
In addition to these three notes, Sondheim continues to use similar intervals to reinforce the connection.
Now from the world of rap music, here is an excerpt from Nelly’s “Air Force Ones.” It’s essentially a rap song all about the kind of shoes he wants to buy. Even if you can’t catch all the words, you’ll probably recognize the first four notes of the Dies Irae. It’s when they sing “Give me two pair, I need two pair” (pronounced “per”) that you’ll hear the Dies Irae.
And here it is, juxtaposed with the plainchant back to forth.
Next, we move to the world of film music with a song from Tim Burton’s (Disney’s) “The Nightmare Before Christmas” (music by Danny Elfman). It’s called “Making Christmas” and I don’t even need to show you where the Dies Irae is in this one—you’ll recognize the first four notes of the Dies Irae occur constantly throughout the song. Enjoy!
Since you’ve now had a full month on the “Dies Irae” I don’t really need to give any intro or prep for Franz Liszt’s masterwork for piano and orchestra, “Totentanz” (Death Dance). Enjoy! And have a great Halloween full of dread and the “Dies Irae!” (The video quality is not great, but it’s an excellent performance.)
I’m Listening to Everything Composed by Eugène Ysaÿe (1858-1931)
It’s the third week of October and this is the third piece I discuss this month that uses the Dies Irae (if you don’t know what the Dies Irae is, please refer to the previous two posts).
TITLE: Sonata for Solo Violin, Op. 27, No. 2 “Jacques Thibaud”
by Eugène Ysaÿe (Jacques Thibaud—the dedicatee—was one of Ysaÿe’s good friends who was also a professional violinist).
DESCRIPTION OF THE PIECE:
Here’s the full title and the movement titles
Violin Sonata No. 2 in A Minor, Op. 27, No. 2
I. Prelude, “Obsession”: Poco vivace
II. Malinconia: Poco lento
III. Sarabande, “Danse des ombres”: Lento
IV. Les furies: Allegro furioso
I. Prelude, “Obsession”: Poco vivace
The first movement is only two and a half minutes long. It begins with a direct quote from Bach’s Partita No. 3 (the Prelude). It is also LITERALLY littered with the first few notes of the “Dies Irae.” Listen to the Bach here:
And here’s a reminder of what the “Dies Irae” sounds like:
Now listen to the entire first movement. Again, it is only two and a half minutes. That’s shorter than most pop songs. Listen to it here:
The first really obvious statement of the Dies Irae is at about the :30 mark, but seriously, after that, you hear the Dies Irae either in its entirety or in fragments from then on for the duration of the movement.
II. Malinconia: Poco lento
A slow, melancholy, beautiful movement. Right at the end of this movement the Dies Irae is played quite slowly. On the video, it occurs at the 2:10 mark. Listen to the entire movement here (it is less than three minutes). I’ve also included a close up of the score at the moment the Dies Irae occurs:
The very first melody you hear in the opening pizzicato section is the Dies Irae. The remainder of the movement is a set of six variations on the Dies Irae. Listen to it here:
As you may have guessed by now, this movement also quotes the Dies Irae quite frequently throughout. The coolest moment is at 1:44 in the video (link below) when she plays it sul ponticello (bowing really close to the bridge of the violin) which gives it a creepy eerie scratchy feeling. This is really perfect music for the Halloween season!
I really hope you listen to all four movements. In total, it’s about twelve minutes of your day. That’s really not that much time to give yourself some culture and a LOT of “Dies Irae” moments!
WHAT’S LEFT TO LISTEN TO BY YSAŸE?: Perhaps a 100 or so works—not impossible, but no small feat. However, this piece has me intrigued enough to keep going!
As mentioned in last week’s post, I am focusing each blog post in the month of October on pieces that use the “Dies Irae”—the medieval chant for the dead—to inspire dread in the hearts of the listeners. This week’s piece?…
TITLE: Symphonie Fantastique, Op. 14
This is a program symphony (a multi-movement work that tells a story through music [no words]) with a pretty insane origin. Here we go: Hector Berlioz attended the theater one night to see a production of Romeo & Juliet, which starred Irish actress Harriet Smithson. Berlioz fell madly in love and began to write fan letters to her. She responded at first, but soon realized that his letters were getting a bit too forward and perhaps even a bit creepy (“how I long for the day when we live in our mountain chateau and hear the pitter-patter of feet as our children play…”). She quit opening his letters and when she had a nice big bundle of them, sent them back to him in a package. She hoped he would get the message. He took this rejection hard. To him, it was as though they had years of a relationship; the worst break-up ever. He was heartsick and decided to kill himself. He took an overdose of opium (the trendy drug in that day), but instead of killing him, the drug plunged him into a deep sleep in which he had terrible vivid nightmares. When he awoke, he decided life was worth living after all AND that his nightmares would be a great inspiration for a program symphony.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PIECE: I am including Berlioz’ own “program” here so you can read what each movement is about:
1st mvt. “The author imagines that a young vibrant musician, afflicted by the sickness of spirit which a famous writer has called the wave of passions, sees for the first time a woman who unites all the charms of the ideal person his imagination was dreaming of, and falls desperately in love with her. By a strange anomaly, the beloved image never presents itself to the artist’s mind without being associated with a musical idea, in which he recognises a certain quality of passion, but endowed with the nobility and shyness which he credits to the object of his love. This melodic image and its model keep haunting him ceaselessly like an idée fixe (obsession). This explains the constant recurrence in all the movements of the symphony of the melody which launches the first allegro. The transitions from this state of dreamy melancholy, interrupted by occasional upsurges of aimless joy, to delirious passion, with its outbursts of fury and jealousy, its returns of tenderness, its tears, its religious consolations – all this forms the subject of the first movement.”
As you read his words, you can see that this program symphony is quite autobiographical. The idée fixe he mentions is a lengthy melody that represents the beloved woman. Here is the idée fixe in its entirety (around the five minute mark):
From this point on, whenever you hear that idée fixe melody whether in its entirety or fragmented, it will always be representative of “the beloved” woman.
Here’s Berlioz’ description of the 2nd movement, subtitled “Un bal” (a ball):
“The artist finds himself in the most diverse situations in life, in the tumult of a festive party, in the peaceful contemplation of the beautiful sights of nature, yet everywhere, whether in town or in the countryside, the beloved image keeps haunting him and throws his spirit into confusion.”
The idée fixe shows up twice in this movement. Once about midway through, when he is at a ball. I like to imagine that he sees her across the room, but she is unaware of him. Here’s the first occurrence of the idée fixe in this movement, and, since he is at a ball, the idée fixe has been re-written in a triple meter pattern to make it sound like a dance. While you listen to it, look at the music (above) to see how the note pattern remains the same, despite the change in meter.
It occurs again near the end of the 2nd movement in a fragmented form:
Third movement: “Scène aux champs” (Scene in the Fields)
“One evening in the countryside he hears two shepherds in the distance dialoguing with their alpen horns; this pastoral duet, the setting, the gentle rustling of the trees in the wind, some causes for hope that he has recently conceived, all conspire to restore to his heart an unaccustomed feeling of calm and to give to his thoughts a happier colouring. He broods on his loneliness, and hopes that soon he will no longer be on his own … But what if she betrayed him! … This mingled hope and fear, these ideas of happiness, disturbed by dark premonitions, form the subject of the adagio. At the end one of the shepherds resumes his alpen horn tune; the other one no longer answers. Distant sound of thunder … solitude … silence …”
The idée fixe appears in this movement at a moment when he is thinking of his beloved and is beset with doubts about her fidelity.
Fourth movement: “Marche au supplice” (March to the Scaffold)
“Convinced that his love is unappreciated, the artist poisons himself with opium. The dose of narcotic, while too weak to cause his death, plunges him into a heavy sleep accompanied by the strangest of visions. He dreams that he has killed his beloved, that he is condemned, led to the scaffold and is witnessing his own execution. As he cries for forgiveness the effects of the narcotic set in. He wants to hide but he cannot so he watches as an onlooker as he dies. The procession advances to the sound of a march that is sometimes sombre and wild, and sometimes brilliant and solemn, in which a dull sound of heavy footsteps follows without transition the loudest outbursts. At the end of the march, the first four bars of the idée fixe reappear like a final thought of love interrupted by the fatal blow.”
Here is the fragmented idée fixe just before the axe falls (the last minute or so of the movement). Incidentally, Berlioz’ description is not quite specific enough for my taste, so let me be even more specific—you’ll hear the first few notes of the idée fixe, then you’ll hear the axe fall, then the head falling and bouncing at least once, and finally the “Hurrah”s of the assembled crowd.
Fifth movement: “Songe d’une nuit de sabbat” (Dreams of a Witches’ Sabbath)
“He sees himself at a witches’ sabbath, in the midst of a hideous gathering of shades, sorcerers and monsters of every kind who have come together for his funeral. Strange sounds, groans, outbursts of laughter; distant shouts which seem to be answered by more shouts. The beloved melody appears once more, but has now lost its noble and shy character; it is now no more than a vulgar dance tune, trivial and grotesque: it is she who is coming to the sabbath … Roar of delight at her arrival … She joins the diabolical revelry … The funeral knell tolls, burlesque parody of the Dies irae, the dance of the witches. The dance of the witches combined with the Dies irae.”
I love this movement on so many levels. First of all, it’s creepy in its musical description of hell (or purgatory), plus the use of the idée fixe is fantastic. In this movement, as mentioned above, the idée fixe is mocking the whole concept of the “beloved.” Here it is, first stated in a fragment by the normal clarinet, interrupted by an orchestral outburst, immediately followed by a full version of the idée fixe played by the grating, high, shrill e-flat clarinet:
HIGHLIGHT: But all this idée fixe business is not why I chose this work for this week’s blog post. I chose it because it also features the use of the “Dies Irae” to help inspire dread in the listener; to help illustrate the plight of the main character in Symphonie Fantastique.” Shortly after the “beloved” appears and we hear the idée fixe in its transformed state, we hear a bell toll followed by the “Dies Irae.” Here’s a reminder of what the original medieval “Dies Irae” sounded like:
And here it is, the first time it appears in the fifth movement:
And here it is over and over again, played by different instrument groupings at different tempi in the final movement of Berlioz’ masterwork Symphonie Fantastique. Enjoy…and tremble in your boots!
I would, of course, highly recommend that you listen to the entire work–especially since you have the story, in Berlioz’ own words provided for you (above). Here’s a YouTube link to a complete performance of the work.
A lot, including another massive symphony called “Lelio” based on the EXACT SAME idée fixe!
HILARIOUS EPILOGUE: After his rejection by Harriet Smithson—and after he got over the break-up by writing Symphonie Fantastique—he got engaged to another woman named Camille, a pianist. Shortly after their engagement, he won the prestigious composition competition—the Prix de Rome—which required that he relocate to Italy for a year. He asked Camille to wait for him, which she agreed to. Off he went to Rome. Shortly after he arrived in Italy, a friend wrote him to inform him that Camille had married a piano-maker. Berlioz hopped on a boat to take him back to France with revenge on his mind. He decided that he would kill Camille, her new husband and her mother (who should have prevented the marriage). Armed with two pistols, a bottle of poison, and a maid’s uniform, his plan was to dress up in the uniform to gain entrance to their home. However, on the boat ride over, he thought better of his plan and decided to kill himself by leaping overboard. When he leapt overboard, the ship was just pulling into the harbor and people on shore jumped in to save him. The dip in the cold water brought him to his senses and he decided to take his revenge another way. He wrote a short story about a loose woman named “Ellimac” (Camille backwards) who used her beauty to get gifts and money from men. As her looks faded, she resorted to prostituting herself. The story ends with her being crushed to death, when the seedy brothel in which she plies her trade collapses.
Satisfied by this revenge, and now that he was becoming famous as a composer, he decided to write to Harriet Smithson again. Her fame was on the wane, so she thought, “Hey, maybe if I marry a famous composer, I’ll be famous again” and she accepted his advances. They were married for 11 years before they separated (due to constant fighting), at which point, Berlioz moved in with a mistress, Marie Recio. Berlioz continued to financially support Harriet through the years; when she suffered a series of strokes and became an invalid, Berlioz paid all her medical bills and watched over her with great concern and love. When she passed away in 1854, Berlioz married Marie. She preceded him in death by seven years. All three of them—Hector, Harriet, and Marie—are buried in the Montmartre cemetery in Paris, France. Here are two pictures–one of their tomb (note me and Emma peeking through the headstone) and one of the side of the tomb with the inscription for Harriet and Marie:
It’s October! I love October! I love the weather, I love the crunch of leaves underfoot, I love the hot cocoa, I enjoy taking my kids trick-or-treating, etc. I don’t particularly love the gruesome elements that many people seem to love about Halloween, but witches, ghosts, goblins, etc., I’m totally fine with.
So in honor of this spooky month, I thought I’d look at a piece of music that conveys a sense of doom within just a few notes. It was composed in the Middle Ages—the “Dies Irae” from the Catholic Mass for the Dead. Its purpose was to remind listeners of the need for repentance. Here are the first four stanzas of the text (with English translations):
1.
Latin text: Dies iræ! Dies illa Solvet sæclum in favilla:Teste David cum Sibylla!
Poetic English translation: Day of wrath and doom impending, David’s word with Sibyl’s blending, Heaven and earth in ashes ending!
2.
Latin: Quantus tremor est futurus, Quando iudex est venturus, Cuncta stricte discussurus!
English: Oh, what fear man’s bosom rendeth, When from heaven the Judge descendeth, On whose sentence all dependeth.
3.
Latin: Tuba mirum spargens sonum Per sepulchra regionum, Coget omnes ante thronum.
English: Wondrous sound the trumpet flingeth; Through earth’s sepulchres it ringeth; All before the throne it bringeth.
4.
Latin: Mors stupebit, et natura, Cum resurget creatura, Iudicanti responsura.
English: Death is struck, and nature quaking, All creation is awaking, To its Judge an answer making.
Again, its purpose was to bring those left behind to repentance, to fill them with a sense of doom; hence, the language is a tad strong and fire-and-brimstone-ish. As a result, this melody has been used either note for note (quoted) or paraphrased throughout the centuries by countless composers whenever they want to automatically infuse their music with a sense of doom. The moment listeners hear the first four notes of the “Dies Irae” plainchant melody, they know that something dark is afoot.
So for the month of October, each week, my post will be about a different piece of music that features the “Dies Irae,” some serious, some less so.
First, listen to the original plainchant melody, just the first four stanzas (printed music below):
And now…the piece that quotes it! (I’m also giving it it’s own new heading.)
I’m Listening to Everything Composed by Peter Schickele
TITLE: Brass Calendar
DESCRIPTION OF THE PIECE: Featuring twelve movements (only one of them is longer than two minutes), this piece for brass quintet takes the listener through an entire year of holidays or significant yearly occurrences. I’ll briefly describe each one and I’ve included a clip of the most seasonally-appropriate one: movement ten.
Mvt. I. January: New Year’s Day
A melancholy-sounding movement, perhaps reflecting the after-effects of New Year’s Eve partying.
II. February: Valentine’s Day
A whimsical waltz-like piece with mixed meter.
III. March: St. Patrick’s Day
A modern twist on an Irish Jig.
IV. April: Income Tax Day
Minimalist ascending scales at different speeds, perhaps representing columns of figures, or rows of accountants busy at work.
V. May: Memorial Day Picnic
Somewhat austere, nostalgic sound.
VI. June: Flag Day
Extremely short movement (eighteen seconds!) which I guess represents the flag blowing in the wind?
VII. Independence Day Parade
A riff on “Yankee Doodle” and, at least in the recording I listened to, perhaps trying to be reminiscent of amateur marching bands (a la Charles Ives). I loved this movement!
VIII. August: Dude Ranch Vacation
A jazz/blues-inflected tune that sounds like “the Old West.” Great movement!
IX. Labor Day Weekend Dance
I’ve never been to a Labor Day Weekend Dance, but this sounded like a turn-of-the-century (the 19th to 20th turn) dance melody with Schickele’s delightful unusual key changes and klangfarbenmelodie (a musical technique that involves splitting a musical line or melody between several instruments, rather than assigning it to just one instrument (or set of instruments).
X. October: Halloween
I shall discuss this one below (under “Highlight”), complete with a recording of the movement.
XI. November: Thanksgiving
Chorale-esque.
XII. December: Alone on New Year’s Eve
Another melancholy waltz. Perhaps this is foreshadowing the melancholy of the first movement! Aha!
HIGHLIGHT: The tenth movement, of course! It’s October! So it has to be the Halloween movement! In this movement, Schickele plays around with the “Dies Irae” melody using more klangfarbenmelodie. Maybe listen to the original “Dies Irae” chant (above) one more time before listening to this so that you recognize the melody. It also sounds like he’s also paraphrasing elements from the “Batman” tv series theme song. Here’s the batman opening motif—you all know it…
And here’s the brass blasts from a bit later on in the theme song.
So now, listen to Schickele’s tenth movement: “Halloween” and see if you don’t hear those elements, including the “Dies Irae.”
WHAT’S LEFT TO LISTEN TO BY SCHICKELE?:
Well, he’s very prolific, so it’s a substantial oeuvre, plus he’s still alive and composing, so there’ll be more! AND, if you didn’t already know, Schickele also composed a ton of whimsical music under the pseudonym P.D.Q. Bach. It’ll take a while, but I’ll do it.
Sir Charles Villiers Stanford was born on September 30 in 1852 in Dublin, Ireland. Happy Birthday, Sir Charles! He is not quite as famous as some of his students (Ralph Vaughan Williams and Gustav Holst), but his music is most certainly worth a listen. I have known of him for years simply because I am a clarinetist and there is a sonata by Stanford that is performed relatively frequently in the clarinet world. But I wanted to expand my familiarity with his music, so I chose to listen to his Requiem mass.
TITLE: Requiem, op. 63
DESCRIPTION OF THE PIECE:
This is a lengthy Requiem, about an hour and twenty minutes worth of music. After listening to it this week, I’m surprised we don’t know more of Stanford! This is lovely music! If you are a fan of sacred choral music, this is for you. Here’s the title and section titles:
Requiem, Op. 63
Introit: Adagio
Kyrie: Allegro tranquillo ed espressivo
Gradual: Larghetto
Sequence – Dies Irae: Allegro moderato ma energico
Offertorium: Allegro
Sanctus: Allegro non troppo
Agnus Dei et Lux Aeterna: Tempo di Marcia funebre
Each section is between four and eleven minutes long with the exception of the fourth section—the Sequence – Dies Irae—coming in at a whopping thirty minutes long!
HIGHLIGHT:
There are two highlights for me in this lovely Requiem. The first is the aforementioned really long “Dies Irae” section. It’s like a mini-oratorio. It has a lot of drama and utilizes the orchestra, choir, and four vocal soloists (SATB) extremely well. The entire movement is a bit too long for me to include here, but I encourage you to seek this work out.
The other highlight is the opening section of the Requiem—the “Introit: Adagio.” It is absolutely gorgeous. I have included (below) an excerpt of the first five minutes of the work. You can read the text and translation here:
LATIN
Requiem aeternam dona eis, Domine.
Et lux perpetua luceat eis.
Te decet hymnus, Deus, in Sion,
Et tibi reddetur votum in Jerusalem
Exaudi orationem meam
Ad te omnis caro veniet.
ENGLISH TRANSLATION
Eternal rest give unto them, O Lord
And let perpetual light shine upon them
A hymn, O God, becometh Thee in Zion
And a vow shall be paid to thee in Jerusalem
Hear my prayer
All flesh shall come before you.
If you’d like to follow along with the score, you can find it here:
(You might have to click on an “ok” button that says you understand that the score may or may not be in the public domain before you can view the score.)
Enjoy! I really think you’re going to love this one!
WHAT’S LEFT TO LISTEN TO BY STANFORD?: A lot! And, since he’s not quite so well-known, a lot of his music has not been recorded. This’ll be a challenge, but I’ll find a way to listen to it all.
